黄斑变性与叶黄素

translated from excerpt of wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein

黄斑, 视网膜负责中心视力的一小部分，也含有大量的叶黄素。黄斑中大量的叶黄素的原因，可能是有助于防止氧化应激和高能量光。各种研究表明，叶黄素的摄入量和眼中的黄斑色素有着直接的关系。研究也表明，黄斑色素的增加可以降低眼疾的风险,比如和年龄相关的黄斑变性（AMD）。唯一的一项小型随机临床试验也证明了叶黄素对治疗黄斑变性的效果，实验的结论是单独使用叶黄素或与其他营养成分一起使用，有助于视觉功能的改善。

叶黄素存在于我们日常的水果和蔬菜饮食中，比如菠菜。早在1996年，叶黄素就被列入膳食补充剂。虽然目前还没有推荐的每日摄入量，不过普遍认为6-10毫克的摄入量/天就可以观察到效果。过量叶黄素摄入过量的唯一副作用是皮肤发黄（carotenodermia ）。

自由形态的的叶黄素和叶黄素酯之间的差别目前还不完全清楚。一般认为叶黄素酯的生物可利用度低，但仍待商榷。作为食品添加剂，叶黄素的E编码是E161b，是从万寿菊花瓣中提取的。

包括美国眼科研究中心在内的数项研究表明，叶黄素和玉米黄质的高摄入量（鸡蛋，菠菜等绿色蔬菜的营养成分）降低黄斑变性失明的风险。美国目前有一百二十万黄斑变性患者，其中大部分是65岁以上的老人。叶黄素和玉米黄质与降低AMD的危险性之间的直接因果关系正在研究之中。

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