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佛教的时间观 -- 劫

佛经中所说的劫,分为三等:

第一、小劫:依我们地球的人寿计算,从人类八万四千岁的长寿,每一百年减短一岁,减至人类的寿命仅有十岁时,称为减劫;再从十岁,每一百年增加一岁,又增加到人寿八万四千岁,称为增劫。如此一减一增的时间过程,总称为一小劫。

第二、中劫:经过二十个小劫,称为一个中劫。因为,据佛典中说,我们所处的地球,共分‘成、住、坏、空’的四大阶段,每一阶段的时间过程,均为二十个小劫,在这四大阶段中,唯有‘住’的阶段,可以供人类生存。初‘成’的阶段是由气体而液体。再由液体而凝固,所以不堪人类的生活。到了‘坏’的阶段,正在剧烈的破坏之中,也不适合人类的生存;据说是经过四十九次大火灾,七次大水灾,一次大风灾之后,地球便归消失。坏劫终了,‘空’劫开始,在空无一物中再经过二十小劫,另一新的地球便又逐渐形成,进入另一期的‘成’的阶段。佛教把这成、住、坏、空的四大阶段,称为四个中劫,分别称为成劫、住劫、坏劫、空劫。

第三、大劫:经过成、住、坏、空的四个中劫,便是一个大劫;换句话说,地球世界的一生一灭,便是一个大劫。然而,坏劫中的每一次大火灾,可从无间地狱,一直烧到色界的初禅天;每一次大水灾,可从无间地狱,一直淹到色界的二禅天;最后一次大风灾,可从无间地狱一直吹到色界的三禅天。也就是说,每一次大劫的范围,除了色界的第四禅天及无色界的四空天,三界之内的动植飞潜,一切万物都是在劫难逃。不过,不用悲哀,当坏劫来临,此界的众生,或者已转生他界,或者已直升第四禅天,不会有一个众生没有安身之处。

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