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大学

大学之道,在明明德,在亲民,在止於至善。

知止而后有定;定而后能静;静而后能安;安而后能虑;虑而后能得。物有本末;事有终始。知所先后,则近道矣。

古之欲明明德於天下者,先治其国;欲治其国者先齐其家;欲齐其家者先修其身;欲修其身者,先正其心;欲正其心者,先诚其意;欲诚其意者;先致其知;致知在格物。 物格而后知至,知至而后意诚,意诚而后心正,心正而后身修,身修而后家齐,家齐而后国治,国治而后天下平。自天子以至於庶人,一是皆以修身为本。其本乱而末治者,否矣; 其所厚者薄,而其所薄者厚,未之有也。此谓知本,此谓知之至也。

所谓诚其意者,毋自欺也。如恶恶臭,如好好色,此之谓自谦。古君子必慎其独也。小人闲居为不善,无所不至。见君子而后厌然,掩其不善,而著其善。人之视己,如见其肺肝然,则何益矣?此谓诚于中,形于外。故君子必慎其独也。曾子曰:“十目所视,十手所指,其严呼!”富润屋,德润身,心广体胖。故君子必诚其意。

《诗》云:“瞻彼淇澳,菉竹猗猗;有斐君子,如切如磋,如琢如磨;瑟兮僩兮,赫兮喧兮;有斐君子,终不可諠兮。” 如切如磋者,道学也;如琢如磨者,自修也;瑟兮僩兮者,恂搮也;赫兮喧兮者,威仪也;有斐君子,终不可諠兮者,道盛德至善,民之不能忘也。

《诗》云:“於戏前王不忘。” 君子贤其贤而亲其亲,小人乐其乐而利其利,此以没世不忘也

《康诰》曰:“克明德。”《大甲》曰:“顾諟天之明命。”《帝典》曰:“克明峻德。”皆自明也。

汤之《盘铭》曰:“苟日新,日日新,又日新。”《康诰》曰:“作新民。”《诗》曰:“周虽旧邦,其命惟新。” 是故君子无所不用其极。

《诗》云:“邦畿千里,惟民所止。”《诗》云:“缗蛮黄鸟,止於丘隅。”子曰:“於止,知其所止,可以人而不如鸟乎?”《诗》云:“穆穆文王,於缉熙敬止。” 为人君,止於仁;为人臣,止於敬;为人子,止於孝;为人父,止於慈; 与国人交,止於信

子曰:“听讼,吾犹人也。必也,使无讼乎?”无情者,不得尽其辞,大畏民志。此谓知本。

所谓修身在正其心者:身有所忿懥,则不得其正。有所恐惧,则不得其正。有所好乐,则不得其正。有所忧患,则不得其正。心不在焉,视而不见,听而不闻,食而不知其味。此谓修身在正其心

所谓齐其家在修其身者:人之其所亲爱而辟焉。之其所贱恶而辟焉。之其所畏敬而辟焉。之其所哀矜而辟焉。之其所敖惰而辟焉。故好而知其恶,恶而知其美者,天下鲜矣。故谚有之曰,“人莫知其子之恶,莫知其苗之硕。”此谓身不修,不可以齐其家。

所谓治国必先齐其家者:其家不可教,而能教人者,无之。故君子不出家,而成教於国。

孝者,所以事君也;弟者,所以事长也;慈者,所以使众也。《康诰》:“如保赤子。”心诚求之。虽不中、不远矣,未有学养子而后嫁者也。

一家仁,一国兴仁; 一家让,一国兴让;一人贪戾,一国作乱。其机如此,此谓一言偾事,一人定国。尧舜帅天下以仁,而民从之;桀纣帅天下以暴,而民从之。其所令反其所好,而民不从。是故君子有诸己,而后求诸人。无诸己,而後非诸人。所藏乎身不恕,而能喻诸人者,未之有也。故治国在齐其家。

《诗》云:“桃之夭夭,其叶蓁蓁,之子於归,宜其家人。”宜其家人,而后可以教国人。《诗》云:“宜兄宜弟。”宜兄宜弟,而后可以教国人。 《诗》云:“其仪不忒,正是四国。”其为父子兄弟足法,而后民法之也。此谓治国,在齐其家。

所谓平天下在治其国者:上老老,而民兴孝;上长长,而民兴弟;上恤孤,而民不倍。是以君子有絜矩之道也。所恶於上,毋以使下;所恶於下,毋以事上;所恶於前,毋以先后;所恶於后,毋以从前;所恶於右,毋以交於左;所恶於左,毋以交於右。此之谓絜矩之道。

《诗》云:“乐只君子,民之父母。”民之所好好之;民之所恶恶之。此之谓民之父母。《诗》云:“节彼南山,维石岩岩。赫赫师尹,民具尔瞻。”有国者不可以不慎。辟则为天下僇矣。

《诗》云:“殷之未丧师,克配上帝。仪於殷,峻命不易。”道得众则得国;失众则失国。是故君子先慎乎德。有德此有人;有人此有土;有土此有财;有财此有用。德者本也,财者末也。外本内末,争民施夺。是故财聚则民散,财散则民聚。是故言悖而出者,亦悖而入;货悖而入者,亦悖而出。

《康诰》曰:“惟命不於常。”道善则得之,不善则失之矣。《楚书》曰:“楚国无以为宝;惟善以为宝。”舅犯曰:“亡人无以为宝,仁亲以为宝。《秦誓》曰:“若有一介臣,断断兮无他技,其心休休焉,其如有容焉。人之有技,若己有之;人之彦圣,其心好之;不啻若自其口出,寔能容之,以能保我子孙黎民,尚亦有利哉!人之有技,媢疾以恶之;人之彦圣,而违之俾不通,寔不能容,以不能保我子孙黎民,亦曰殆哉。”

唯仁人,放流之,迸诸四夷,不与同中国。此谓唯仁人为能爱人,能恶人。见贤而不能举,举而不能先,命也;见不善而不能退,退而不能远,过也。好人之所恶,恶人之所好,是谓拂人之性。菑必逮夫身。 是故君子有大道,必忠信以得之,骄泰以失之。

生财有大道:生之者众,食之者寡,为之者疾,用之者舒,则财恒足矣。仁者以财发身,不仁者以身发财。未有上好仁,而下不好义者也;未有好义,其事不终者也;未有府库财,非其财者也。孟献子曰:“畜马乘,不察於鸡豚;伐冰之家不畜牛羊;百乘之家,不畜聚敛之臣;与其有聚敛之臣,宁有盗臣。”此谓国不以利为利,以义为利也。长国家而务财用者,必自小人矣,彼为善之。小人之使为国家,菑害并至,虽有善者,亦无如之何矣。此谓国不以利为利,以义为利也。

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