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洪武四大案

一 胡惟庸

十三年春正月戊戌,左丞相胡惟庸谋反,及其党御史大夫陈宁、中丞涂节等伏诛。癸卯,大祀天地于南郊。罢中书省,废丞相等官,更定六部官秩,改大都督府为中、左、右、前、后五军都督府。

二 蓝玉

二十六年二月,锦衣卫指挥蒋瓛告玉谋反,下吏鞫讯。狱辞云:“玉同景川侯曹震、鹤庆侯张翼、舳舻侯硃寿、东莞伯何荣及吏部尚书詹徽、户部侍郎傅友文等谋为变,将伺帝出耤田举事。”狱具,族诛之。列侯以下坐党夷灭者不可胜数。手诏布告天下,条列爰书为《逆臣录》。至九月,乃下诏曰:“蓝贼为乱,谋泄,族诛者万五千人。自今胡党、蓝党概赦不问。”胡谓丞相惟庸也。于是元功宿将相继尽矣。凡列名《逆臣录》者,一公、十三侯、二伯。叶升前坐事诛,胡玉等诸小侯皆别见。其曹震、张翼、张温、陈桓、硃寿、曹兴六侯,附著左方。

三 空印

郑士利,字好义,宁海人。兄士元,刚直有才学,由进士历官湖广按察使佥事。荆、襄卒乘乱掠妇女,吏不敢问,士元立言于将领,还所掠。安陆有冤狱,御史台已谳上,士元奏其冤,得白。会考校钱谷册书,空印事觉。凡主印者论死,佐贰以下榜一百,戍远方。士元亦坐是系狱。时帝方盛怒,以为欺罔,丞相御史莫敢谏。士利叹曰:“上不知,以空印为大罪。诚得人言之,上圣明,宁有不悟?”会星变求言。士利曰:“可矣。”既而读诏:“有假公言私者,罪。”士利曰:“吾所欲言,为天子杀无罪者耳。吾兄非主印者,固当出。需吾兄杖出乃言,即死不恨。” 士元出,士利乃为书数千言,言数事,而于空印事尤详。曰:“陛下欲深罪空印者,恐奸吏得挟空印纸,为文移以虐民耳。夫文移必完印乃可。今考较书策,乃合两缝印,非一印一纸比。纵得之,亦不能行,况不可得乎?钱谷之数,府必合省,省必合部,数难悬决,至部乃定。省府去部远者六七千里,近亦三四千里,册成而后用印,往返非期年不可。以故先印而后书。此权宜之务,所从来久,何足深罪?且国家立法,必先明示天下而后罪犯法者,以其故犯也。自立国至今,未尝有空印之律。有司相承,不知其罪。今一旦诛之,何以使受诛者无词?朝廷求贤士,置庶位,得之甚难。位至郡守,皆数十年所成就。通达廉明之士,非如草菅然,可刈而复生也。陛下奈何以不足罪之罪,而坏足用之材乎?臣窃为陛下惜之。”书成,闭门逆旅泣数日。兄子问曰:“叔何所苦?”士利曰:“吾有书欲上,触天子怒,必受祸。然杀我,生数百人,我何所恨!”遂入奏。帝览书,大怒,下丞相御史杂问,究使者。士利笑曰;“顾吾书足用否耳。吾业为国家言事,自分必死,谁为我谋?”狱具,与士元皆输作江浦,而空印者竟多不免。

四 郭桓

己丑,户部侍郎坐盗官粮诛。

其推原中外贪墨所起,以六曹为罪魁,郭桓为诛首。郭桓者,户部侍郎也。帝疑北平二司官吏李彧、赵全德等与桓为奸利,自六部左右侍郎下皆死,赃七百万,词连直省诸官吏,系死者数万人。核赃所寄借遍天下,民中人之家大抵皆破。时咸归谤御史余敏、丁廷举。或以为言,帝乃手诏列桓等罪,而论右审刑吴庸等极刑,以厌天下心,言:“朕诏有司除奸,顾复生奸扰吾民,今后有如此者,遇赦不宥。”先是,十五年空印事发。每岁布政司、府州县吏诣户部核钱粮、军需诸事,以道远,预持空印文书,遇部驳即改,以为常。及是,帝疑有奸,大怒,论诸长吏死,佐贰榜百戍边。宁海人郑士利上书讼其冤,复杖戍之。二狱所诛杀已过当。而胡惟庸、蓝玉两狱,株连死者且四万。

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